NEET Biology · Flashcards
This deck has 21 flashcards on Biotechnology & Its Applications for NEET Biology, from NCERT Class 12. It covers the NCERT chapters Biotechnology: Principles and Processes and Biotechnology and Its Applications.
Principles of Recombinant DNA Technology and its crucial applications in Medicine, Agriculture, and Ethics (Class 12).
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Card 1 of 21
What are the two core techniques that enabled the birth of modern biotechnology?
Hint: One alters the code, the other grows it safely.
Answer
1. Genetic engineering: Techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA/RNA) and introduce it into host organisms. 2. Bioprocess engineering: Maintenance of sterile ambient conditions to enable the growth of only the desired microbe/eukaryotic cell in large quantities.
Card 2 of 21
Which specific sequence do restriction endonucleases recognize in DNA, and what type of cuts do they commonly make?
Hint: Madam, I'm Adam / GAATTC.
Answer
They recognize specific Palindromic nucleotide sequences (reads the same forward and backward, e.g., GAATTC). They often make staggered cuts away from the center of the palindrome, leaving single-stranded overhanging stretches called 'sticky ends'.
Card 3 of 21
Differentiate the roles of Restriction Endonucleases and DNA Ligase in Recombinant DNA Technology.
Hint: Cut vs. Paste.
Answer
Restriction Endonucleases act as 'molecular scissors' by cutting DNA at specific palindromic recognition sequences. DNA Ligase acts as 'molecular glue' by joining the sugar-phosphate backbones of foreign DNA and vector DNA.
Card 4 of 21
In Gel Electrophoresis, what determines the direction and distance DNA fragments move?
Hint: Smallest goes farthest towards the positive side.
Answer
Direction: DNA is negatively charged, so it is forced to move towards the anode (positive electrode). Distance: The agarose gel acts as a sieve; smaller fragments move farther and faster than larger fragments.
Card 5 of 21
How are DNA fragments visualized after separation in gel electrophoresis?
Hint: Requires a toxic stain and blacklight.
Answer
The gel must be stained with a compound called Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) and then exposed to Ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The DNA bands appear as bright orange.
Card 6 of 21
What is the function of the 'ori' (Origin of Replication) in a cloning vector?
Hint: The starting line for DNA copying.
Answer
It is the DNA sequence where replication starts. Any piece of DNA linked to this sequence can be made to replicate within the host cells. It is also responsible for controlling the copy number of the linked DNA.
Card 7 of 21
Explain the concept of 'Insertional Inactivation' using the beta-galactosidase gene.
Hint: Blue = Non-recombinant. White = Recombinant.
Answer
When a foreign DNA is inserted into the coding sequence of the beta-galactosidase enzyme, it inactivates the gene. Result: Recombinant colonies cannot produce the enzyme and appear white, whereas non-recombinants produce the enzyme and appear blue in the presence of a chromogenic substrate.
Card 8 of 21
Name the direct gene transfer methods primarily used for animal cells and plant cells, respectively.
Hint: Animals get shots (injections), plants get shot (guns).
Answer
Animal cells: Microinjection (recombinant DNA is directly injected into the nucleus of an animal cell). Plant cells: Biolistics / Gene gun (cells are bombarded with high-velocity microparticles of gold or tungsten coated with DNA).
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